Harassment can occur in a variety of circumstances, including, but not limited to, the following: Offensive conduct may include, but is not limited to, offensive jokes, slurs, epithets or name calling, physical assaults or threats, intimidation, ridicule or mockery, insults or put-downs, offensive objects or pictures, and interference with work performance.
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To be unlawful, the conduct must create a work environment that would be intimidating, hostile, or offensive to reasonable people. Petty slights, annoyances, and isolated incidents (unless extremely serious) will not rise to the level of illegality. Anti-discrimination laws also prohibit harassment against individuals in retaliation for filing a discrimination charge, testifying, or participating in any way in an investigation, proceeding, or lawsuit under these laws or opposing employment practices that they reasonably believe discriminate against individuals, in violation of these laws. Harassment becomes unlawful where 1) enduring the offensive conduct becomes a condition of continued employment, or 2) the conduct is severe or pervasive enough to create a work environment that a reasonable person would consider intimidating, hostile, or abusive. Harassment is unwelcome conduct that is based on race, color, religion, sex (including sexual orientation, gender identity, or pregnancy), national origin, older age (beginning at age 40), disability, or genetic information (including family medical history). Science 357: 93-97.Harassment is a form of employment discrimination that violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, (ADEA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, (ADA). Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. BMC Genomics 8: 242.Īvni R, Nave M, Barad O, Baruch K, Twardziok SO, Gundlach H, Hale I, Mascher M, Spannagl M, Wiebe K et al.
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MADS-box gene family in rice: genome-wide identification, organization and expression profiling during reproductive development and stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97: 5328-5333.Īrora R, Agarwal P, Ray S, Singh AK, Singh VP, Tyagi AK. An ancestral MADS-box gene duplication occurred before the divergence of plants and animals.
#Pervasive 中文 series
Series B: Biological Sciences 372: 20160429.Īlvarez-Buylla ER, Pelaz S, Liljegren SJ, Gold SE, Burgeff C, Ditta GS, de Pouplana LR, Martinez-Castilla L, Yanofsky MF. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Geographic mosaics and changing rates of cereal domestication. Genome Biology 19: 111.Īllaby RG, Stevens C, Lucas L, Maeda O, Fuller DQ. Linking the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium bread wheat reference genome sequence to wheat genetic and phenomic data. New Phytologist © 2019 New Phytologist Trust.Īlaux M, Rogers J, Letellier T, Flores R, Alfama F, Pommier C, Mohellibi N, Durand S, Kimmel E, Michotey C. Triticum aestivum MADS-box genes adaptation crop breeding gene duplication neofunctionalization transcription factors wheat. We speculate that conserved, duplicated and neofunctionalized MIKC-type genes may have played an important role in the adaptation of wheat to a diversity of conditions, hence contributing to the importance of wheat as a global staple food. A number of MIKC-type genes show novel expression patterns and respond, for example, to biotic stress, pointing towards neofunctionalization.
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Duplications are especially prominent in distal telomeric regions. We also found extensive expansion of some MIKC-type subfamilies, especially those potentially involved in adaptation to different environmental conditions like flowering time genes. Gene expression is generally in agreement with the expected subfamily-specific expression pattern, indicating broad conservation of function of MIKC-type genes during wheat evolution. Homoeolog retention is significantly above the average genome-wide retention rate for wheat genes, indicating that many MIKC-type homoeologs are functionally important and not redundant. Here, we present a detailed overview of phylogeny and expression of 201 wheat MIKC-type MADS-box genes. MADS-box genes are prime candidates for this, as they are involved in virtually all aspects of plant development. Given a growing global population coupled with increasingly challenging cultivation conditions, facilitating wheat breeding by fine-tuning important traits is of great importance. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crops worldwide.